Langbeinites show talents as 3D quantum spin liquids
The comparison between the data obtained experimentally at the ISIS neutron source (right) and the results of the theoretical analysis using the PFFRG method (left) shows excellent agreement. © HZB
The nickel ions form two so-called trillium lattices that are entangled with each other. This creates the desired magnetic frustration, which is further enhanced when an external magnetic field is applied. © M. Gonzalez / HZB
A 3D quantum spin liquid has been discovered in the vicinity of a member of the langbeinite family. The material's specific crystalline structure and the resulting magnetic interactions induce an unusual behaviour that can be traced back to an island of liquidity. An international team has made this discovery with experiments at the ISIS neutron source and theoretical modelling on a nickel-langbeinite sample.
When spins in a crystal lattice cannot align to reach a minimum energy together, this is called magnetic frustration. If this frustration becomes large enough, the spins continue to fluctuate in a disordered way, even as the temperature approaches zero and the material behaves as a quantum spin liquid. Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) have remarkable properties, including topologically protected phenomena, potentially useful, for example, for future, particularly stable qubits. Initially, quantum spin liquids were mainly studied in two-dimensional structures, but the phenomenon can also occur in 3D structures, although much less frequently.
The search for frustration
An international collaboration has now demonstrated this behaviour in a new class of materials with a 3D structure: Langbeinites are sulphate minerals, rarely found in nature; replacing one or two elements in the sum formula produces variations that all belong to this class of materials.
Artificial langbeinite crystals with the molecular formula K2Ni2(SO4)3 were created for the study. The magnetic element nickel plays a key role here: the nickel ions form two so-called trillium lattices that are entangled with each other. This creates the desired magnetic frustration, which is further enhanced when an external magnetic field is applied: The magnetic moments of the nickel ions cannot all align in an energetically favourable way, but fluctuate and form a quantum spin liquid.
Neutron data and theory: a nearly perfect fit
The team led by Ivica Živkovič at the EPFL was able to measure the magnetic fluctuations at the British neutron source ISIS in Oxford. The samples behave like a quantum spin liquid, not only at extremely low temperatures, but even at "lukewarm" 2 Kelvin.
The team led by HZB theorist Johannes Reuther was able to explain the measured data using several theoretical methods. "Our theoretical phase diagram even identifies an "island of liquidity" at the centre of a strongly frustrated tetratrillium lattice," says Matias Gonzalez, first author of the study and postdoctoral researcher in Reuther's team, who carried out the Monte Carlo simulations. PhD student Vincent Noculak calculated the interactions between the spins using a method based on Feynman diagrams that Reuther developed several years ago (pseudo-fermion function renormalisation group, PFFRG). The agreement between the measured data and the theoretical results is surprisingly good. "Despite its extremely complex interactions, we can reproduce this system very well," says Reuther.
QSL-candidates in the Langbeinites
Langbeinites are a large and largely unexplored class of materials. The study shows that the search for quantum behaviour can be worthwhile here. The team led by HZB physicist Bella Lake has already synthesised new representatives of this class of materials, which could also be regarded as 3D quantum spin liquids. "This is still purely fundamental science," emphasises Johannes Reuther, "but with the growing interest in new types of quantum materials, the Langbeinite materials could become interesting for applications in quantum information."
- Green hydrogen: ‘Artificial leaf’ becomes better under pressureHydrogen can be produced via the electrolytic splitting of water. One option here is the use of photoelectrodes that convert sunlight into voltage for electrolysis in so called photoelectrochemical cells (PEC cells). A research team at HZB has now shown that the efficiency of PEC cells can be significantly increased under pressure.
- Green hydrogen from direct seawater electrolysis- experts warn against hypeAt first glance, the plan sounds compelling: invent and develop future electrolysers capable of producing hydrogen directly from unpurified seawater. But a closer look reveals that such direct seawater electrolysers would require years of high-end research. And what is more: DSE electrolyzers are not even necessary - a simple desalination process is sufficient to prepare seawater for conventional electrolyzers. In a commentary in Joule, international experts compare the costs and benefits of the different approaches and come to a clear recommendation.
- A new way to control the magnetic properties of rare earth elementsThe special properties of rare earth magnetic materials are due to the electrons in the 4f shell. Until now, the magnetic properties of 4f electrons were considered almost impossible to control. Now, a team from HZB, Freie Universität Berlin and other institutions has shown for the first time that laser pulses can influence 4f electrons- and thus change their magnetic properties. The discovery, which was made through experiments at EuXFEL and FLASH, opens up a new way to data storage with rare earth elements.