Realistic computer model of battery electrodes
To obtain the 3D structure of the battery electrode on a micormeter scale, snchrotron tomography at BESSY II was used. © L. Zielke/S. Thiele
Nano-features of the structure were recorded with a scanning electron microscope over a much smaller section of the material. © L. Zielke/S. Thiele
By using a mathematical model, information about the nanostructure was successfully transferred to the much larger structure. © L. Zielke/S. Thiele
A research team has developed a new approach for more realistic computer models of battery electrodes. They combined images from synchrotron tomography that capture three-dimensional structure at micron resolution with those from an electron microscope that can even resolve nanometre-scale features over a small section. They were able to transfer these nano-features to areas beyond the section using a mathematical model. Properties and processes within battery electrodes can now be simulated highly realistically using this method.
Batteries need to be even lighter, offer higher performance, and cost less if they are to power automobiles on a large scale and store energy from the wind and sun one day. One means of accelerating this development is to use Virtual Materials Design. With an appropriate computer programme, materials with a wide range of various features can be virtually manufactured and virtually tested with a couple of mouse clicks – that is the idea. The problem lies in not having a good approximation of reality, though. “The material that you invent on the computer needs to actually be able to be produced in the end, of course. That is possible only if the material is based on real structural parameters”, explains HZB researcher Dr. Ingo Manke.
Real data of 3D structure combined with mathematical model
In order to model systems of materials for battery electrodes on the computer based on realistic structural parameters, Manke and his colleague Dr. André Hilger from the HZB Institute of Applied Materials have now developed a new approach together with a team from Brigham Young University (USA) and the University of Freiburg. They combined two different tomographic processes using what is referred to as a multiscale approach. First, they analysed a modern LiCoO2 battery electrode using synchrotron tomography at BESSY II to obtain information about the three-dimensional structure at the micron scale. In addition, they recorded nano-features at one-thousand times finer resolution using a scanning electron microscope with a focussed ion beam (SEM/FIB tomography), but over a much smaller section of the material. This information about the nanostructure was able to be successfully transferred to the much larger structure captured in the synchrotron tomogram by using a mathematical model developed by Prof. Dean R. Wheeler (Brigham Young University).
Virtual materials design
“You can imagine it as being like a tapestry, where its detailed structure continuously repeats itself over the entire wall. Only in this case, the detailed structure does not repeat itself, but instead is being continuously re-calculated”, explains Manke.
The new approach enables features that appear in real batteries to be carried over to a highly realistic computer model so that important processes like the distribution of electrical current or ion transport can be investigated virtually. The next step will be to incrementally change the models of these structures to improve the current distribution or ion transport, for example. “In the end, the features that we have optimised on the computer also need to be able to be produced in the laboratory. Then we will test how well the procedure really works”, says Manke.
The results of this study have been published in the renowned journal Advanced Energy Materials [1], which with an impact factor of 14.4 is one of the most frequently cited journals in this field. The work was a continuation of a previous study by the research teams that was published in the same journal last year [2].
[1] L. Zielke, T. Hutzenlaub, D. R. Wheeler, C.-W. Chao, I. Manke, A. Hilger, N. Paust, R. Zengerle, S. Thiele, Three-phase multiscale modeling of a LiCoO2 cathode – Combining the advantages of FIB-SEM imaging and X-ray tomography, Advanced Energy Materials 5, 5, p. 1401612 (2015)
[2] L. Zielke, T. Hutzenlaub, D. R. Wheeler, I. Manke, T. Arlt, N. Paust, R. Zengerle, S. Thiele, A Synthesis of X-ray Tomography and Carbon Binder Modeling - Reconstructing the Three Phases of LiCoO2 Li-ion Battery Cathodes, Advanced Energy Materials 4, 8, p. 1301617 (2014)
- Battery research with the HZB X-ray microscopeNew cathode materials are being developed to further increase the capacity of lithium batteries. Multilayer lithium-rich transition metal oxides (LRTMOs) offer particularly high energy density. However, their capacity decreases with each charging cycle due to structural and chemical changes. Using X-ray methods at BESSY II, teams from several Chinese research institutions have now investigated these changes for the first time with highest precision: at the unique X-ray microscope, they were able to observe morphological and structural developments on the nanometre scale and also clarify chemical changes.
- BESSY II: New procedure for better thermoplasticsBio-based thermoplastics are produced from renewable organic materials and can be recycled after use. Their resilience can be improved by blending bio-based thermoplastics with other thermoplastics. However, the interface between the materials in these blends sometimes requires enhancement to achieve optimal properties. A team from the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands has now investigated at BESSY II how a new process enables thermoplastic blends with a high interfacial strength to be made from two base materials: Images taken at the new nano station of the IRIS beamline showed that nanocrystalline layers form during the process, which increase material performance.
- Hydrogen: Breakthrough in alkaline membrane electrolysersA team from the Technical University of Berlin, HZB, IMTEK (University of Freiburg) and Siemens Energy has developed a highly efficient alkaline membrane electrolyser that approaches the performance of established PEM electrolysers. What makes this achievement remarkable is the use of inexpensive nickel compounds for the anode catalyst, replacing costly and rare iridium. At BESSY II, the team was able to elucidate the catalytic processes in detail using operando measurements, and a theory team (USA, Singapore) provided a consistent molecular description. In Freiburg, prototype cells were built using a new coating process and tested in operation. The results have been published in the prestigious journal Nature Catalysis.