Methods at BESSY II
Absorption
Absorption spectroscopy provides information on a sample by determining the attenuation of radiation due to interaction with the sample.
X-ray excitation results in the emission of photoelectrons and photons (fluorescence) revealing details of the chemical, electronic, and molecular structure of materials close to the surface (depth depends on photon energy of incident light and photoelectron energy).
IR absorption results in vibrational excitation and can be used for instance to study the structural and functional interactions of proteins.
Please find below a list of absorption techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym | Long name |
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EXAFS | Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure |
NEXAFS | Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure |
XRF | X-ray Fluorescence |
XRF Mapping | X-ray Fluorescence Mapping |
IR Spectroscopy | IR Spectroscopy |
XMCD | X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism |
XMLD | X-ray Magnetic Linear Dichroism |
THz spectroscopy | TeraHertz spectroscopy |
Time-resolved absorption | Time-resolved absorption |
Diffraction
Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or opening - which may also be atoms in a crystal. Incoming waves bend around the atoms and outgoing waves build a diffraction pattern, which reveals the molecular structure of a material.
Please find below a list of diffraction techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym | Long name |
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Crystallography (biological macromolecules) | Crystallography (biological macromolecules) |
Crystallography (material sciences) | Crystallography (material sciences) |
Powder Diffraction | Powder Diffraction |
Single Crystal Diffraction | Single Crystal Diffraction |
Surface Diffraction | Surface Diffraction |
LEED | Low Energy Electron Diffraction |
XPD | X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction |
Time-resolved diffraction | Time-resolved diffraction |
Reflection
Reflection of light at a surface is influenced by the surface properties of a sample. Hence, analyzing angular dependent intensity or polarization of reflected x-rays or IR light contributes to understanding the detailed surface properties of materials or thin films.
Please find below a list of reflection techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym | Long name |
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Ellipsometry | Ellipsometry |
Polarimetry | Polarimetry |
Reflectometry | Reflectometry |
XRF | X-ray Fluorescence |
XRF Mapping | X-ray Fluorescence Mapping |
Time-resolved reflection | Time-resolved reflection |
Imaging
or Imaging and Microscopy, technical equipment is used to see objects that are too small to see with the naked eye. Due to their short wavelengths, X-rays can be used to image samples down to the nanoscale. Imaging can be combined with microscopy or spectroscopy to get further information about a sample, such as chemical composition.
Please find below a list of imaging and microscopy techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym | Long name |
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Fluorescence Imaging | Fluorescence Imaging |
IR Microscopy | IR Microscopy |
Mid Infrared near-field Microscopy | Mid Infrared near-field Microscopy |
PEEM | Photoemission Electron Microscopy |
THz-near-field Microscopy | THz-near-field Microscopy |
X-ray Holography | X-ray Holography |
X-ray Microscopy | X-ray Microscopy |
X-ray Refraction Radiography | X-ray Refraction Radiography |
X-ray Refraction Tomography | X-ray Refraction Tomography |
X-ray Tomography | X-ray Tomography |
Ion Spectroscopy
Any spectroscopic method for which molecules are ionized first to study the positively charged ion, is generally referred to ion spectroscopy.
Please find below a list of ion spectroscopy techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym | Long name |
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Mass Spectrometry | Mass Spectrometry |
Photoelectron Emission
Photoelectron emission is accomplished by irradiating a sample with monochromatic VUV or X-ray radiation and analyzing the photoelectrons emitted. It is applied to study the electronic structure of molecules, clusters, thin films and solid surfaces. Also liquid samples have become accessible in the recent decade by applying the liquid microjet technique.
Please find below a list of photoelectron techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym | Long name |
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ARPES | Angular-resolved Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy |
HAXPES | Hard X-ray Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy |
NAP-XPS | Near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
Spin-resovled PES | Spin-resovled Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy |
UPS | UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
XPS | X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
XPD | X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction |
Time-resolved PES | Time-resolved Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy |
Scattering
X-ray scattering is observing the scattered intensity of X-rays hitting a sample as a function of incident and scattered angle, polarization, and photon energy. It is a non-destructive analytical method revealing information about the crystal structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films.
Please find below a list of X-ray scattering techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym | Long name |
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Anomalous Scattering | Anomalous Scattering |
Coherent Scattering | Coherent Scattering |
Elastic Scattering | Elastic Scattering |
Magnetic Scattering | Magnetic Scattering |
Reflectivity | Reflectivity |
REXS | Resonant Elastic X-ray Scattering |
RIXS | Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering |
SAXS | Small Angle X-ray Scattering |
WAXS | Wide Angle X-ray Scattering |
Time-resolved scattering | Time-resolved scattering |