Tiny, Tailored Magnets - CeNIDE Researchers Publish in “Nature Communications”
Synchrotron Radiation Source BESSY II
Nanomagnets are used in many places nowadays, from medicine to data storage. Sometimes they have to be strong and and sometimes they have to be weak. Researchers from the Center for Nanointegration (CeNIDE) at University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE) have found out just how to produce these tiny magnets with highly specific properties, and have published their results.
Nanomagnets, some ten thousand times smaller than the thickness of a sheet of paper, make advanced data storage possible, serve as contrast media in MRI tests and are used for hyperthermic treatment in cancer patients. These are but a few examples of their applications, yet it is clear how highly demanded nanomagnets are for so many applications and with so many different properties. In computer memory, for example, nanomagnets have to remain in fixed alignment if they are to store data for any length of time. Were they ever to change their magnetic alignment spontaneously, then the stored information would be lost. Hyperthermic treatment of cancer patients, by contrast, requires nanomagnets that can switch polarity very easily. This treatment involves introducing the teensy particles directly into the tumour and then rapidly reversing their magnetization using external magnetic fields. The nanomagnets thereby produce heat that locally destroys the surrounding cancer cells.
Working together, the workgroups of experimental physicist Prof. Heiko Wende and theoretical physicist Prof. Peter Entel have now defined concrete rules by which to precisely determine the properties of nanomagnets in their production. On the experimental front, Prof. Wende and his group coated the nanoparticles in various metals and then measured these metals’ effects on the magnetic properties of the particles inside. To obtain the most meaningful and detailed data, the researchers used a measuring instrument of a wholly different scale: inside a ring system 240 metres long, BESSY II of Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin accelerates electrons to near light speed. The high brilliancy X-rays they subsequently produce yield information on the magnetic properties of the sample. Dr. Carolin Antoniak spent several sleepless nights working the switch panels of the large facility: “But it definitely paid off,” the physicist emphasizes. “Only here were we able to perform our measurements to such detail and to distinguish between various types of magnetization.” Meanwhile, on the theoretical front, Dr. Markus Gruner from the workgroup of Prof. Entel computed the influence of the different coating metals on every single atom inside a nanomagnet. To perform these complex calculations, the theoretical physicist used Europe’s largest academic research computer JUGENE at the Jülich Research Centre, which can perform up to a quadrillion computations a second. “You’re standing there in a hall next to 72 huge cabinets that house the computer,” Gruner says with awe. “We had to compute for several weeks on over a thousand processors simultaneously until we had certainty. You can only do that sort of thing on JUGENE.”
Both approaches – experimental and theoretical – complement each other ideally: While the theoretical calculation is extremely precise, it is still based on assumptions. Assumptions that must be confirmed by experiment. Now, the research cooperation can predict which properties can be achieved with which metal coating. Also, characteristics of hitherto uncreated types of nanomagnets can now be reliably calculated based on the data obtained. That means nanomagnets can already be tailored to the desired properties during their production. This makes life enormously easier for all kinds of users.
“We have decided to coat the nanomagnets with organic materials in future,” explains Wende. “Then it may well be possible to modify the properties afterwards using external influences such as light, for example.”
Contact & Information:
CeNIDE – Center for NanointegrationDuisburg-Essen
Universität Duisburg-Essen
Frau Birte Vierjahn
Public Relations
Forsthausweg 2
47057 Duisburg
Fon: +49.203.379.1456
Fax: +49.203.379.1895
E-Mail: birte.vierjahn@uni-due.de
www.cenide.de
Dr. Carolin Antoniak
Experimentalphysik - AG Wende
Universität Duisburg-Essen
Gebäude MD
Lotharstr. 1
47057 Duisburg
Fon: +49.203.379.2389
Fax: +49.203.379.3601
E-Mail: carolin.antoniak@uni-due.de
http://www.uni-due.de/physik/wende/
- What Zinc concentration in teeth revealsTeeth are composites of mineral and protein, with a bulk of bony dentin that is highly porous. This structure is allows teeth to be both strong and sensitive. Besides calcium and phosphate, teeth contain trace elements such as zinc. Using complementary microscopy imaging techniques, a team from Charité Berlin, TU Berlin and HZB has quantified the distribution of natural zinc along and across teeth in 3 dimensions. The team found that, as porosity in dentine increases towards the pulp, zinc concentration increases 5~10 fold. These results help to understand the influence of widely-used zinc-containing biomaterials (e.g. filling) and could inspire improvements in dental medicine.
- Fascinating archaeological find becomes a source of knowledgeThe Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Historical Monuments (BLfD) has sent a rare artefact from the Middle Bronze Age to Berlin for examination using cutting-edge, non-destructive methods. It is a 3,400-year-old bronze sword, unearthed during archaeological excavations in Nördlingen, Swabia, in 2023. Experts have been able to determine how the hilt and blade are connected, as well as how the rare and well-preserved decorations on the pommel were made. This has provided valuable insight into the craft techniques employed in southern Germany during the Bronze Age. The BLfD used 3D computed tomography and X-ray diffraction to analyse internal stresses at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB), as well as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy at a BESSY II beamline supervised by the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM).
- Element cobalt exhibits surprising propertiesThe element cobalt is considered a typical ferromagnet with no further secrets. However, an international team led by HZB researcher Dr. Jaime Sánchez-Barriga has now uncovered complex topological features in its electronic structure. Spin-resolved measurements of the band structure (spin-ARPES) at BESSY II revealed entangled energy bands that cross each other along extended paths in specific crystallographic directions, even at room temperature. As a result, cobalt can be considered as a highly tunable and unexpectedly rich topological platform, opening new perspectives for exploiting magnetic topological states in future information technologies.