Sharper imaging using X-rays
These scanning electron micrographs show how accurately the three Fresnel zone plates were positioned above one another. 3D X-ray optics of this kind allow the resolutions and optical intensities to be considerably improved. © S. Werner/HZB
HZB team develops three-dimensional volume diffraction optics for X-rays
Physicists at HZB have developed a process to generate improved lenses for X-ray microscopy that provide both better resolution and higher throughput. To accomplish this, they fabricate three-dimensional X-ray optics for volume diffraction that consist of on-chip stacked Fresnel zone plates. These three-dimensional nanostructures focus the incident X-rays much more efficiently and enable improved spatial resolution below ten nanometres.
In the future, this kind of novel X-ray optics should be available to users at the BESSY II synchrotron source. Among many applications, the improved resolution permits investigations on ultrastructural features in biological specimens as well as studies on nanostructures in novel battery systems.
The wavelength of light limits resolution in microscopy. Visible light can resolve structures on the order of a quarter micron, while the considerably shorter wavelength of X-rays can in principle resolve features down to a few nanometres. In addition, X-rays can also penetrate more deeply into specimens, so that internal structures of three-dimensional specimens can be investigated. However, though light in the visible region can be focussed using refractive lenses made of glass, this approach does not work with soft X-rays. In order to utilise X-rays for imaging, it is necessary to use Fresnel zone plates, which are made out of concentric rings composed of metals like nickel or gold. These metal rings diffract X-rays so that contributions from the different zones are constructively superposed at the focal point. The result is that Fresnel zone plates act as objective lenses to focus X-rays and can be employed in X-ray microscopes. The achievable spatial resolution depends on the smallest ring width that can be manufactured, which up to now has been about ten nanometres.
An improvement of spatial resolution to below ten nanometres poses both technological and fundamental physical problems. On the one hand, it is technologically extremely challenging to fabricate periodic zone structures having a ring width of less than ten nanometres and a height of a few hundred nanometres. On the other hand, theoretical calculations indicate that these types of optics with decreasing ring width would be increasingly inefficient and would simply collect too little light. This dilemma can be resolved with the help of volume diffraction. However, the approach requires zone features that simultaneously have an increasing tilt angle and a declining zone height versus radius, i.e. three-dimensional structured X-ray optics. “Theoretically, though, almost 100 per cent of the incident light could be utilised for the image,” explains Dr. Stephan Werner from the Microscopy Research Group at the HZB Institute for Soft Matter and Functional Materials.
In a first step towards three-dimensional X-ray optics, the experts at HZB have manufactured three layers of Fresnel zone plates nearly perfectly above one another. “We have developed a process that enables on-chip stacking of Fresnel zone plates with a precision of less than two nanometres,” says Dr. Gerd Schneider, who heads the Microscopy Research Group. The initial measurements demonstrate that this structure captures considerably more light for imaging than conventional Fresnel zone plates. “If we are successful in positioning five zone plate layers above one another, which is our next goal, we will be able to utilise a many times higher fraction of the incident X-ray light for imaging than has been available up to now,” says Werner.
The HZB team is reporting on the development of the novel X-ray optics in the technical journal Nano Research. Users at BESSY II could be soon profiting from this advance as well. X-ray microscopy is an important technique for a wide range of research topics, for example in the life sciences to investigate cell organelles, viruses, and nanoparticles within cells, as well as for materials science and energy research to study novel electrochemical energy storage approaches in situ.
Nano Research 2014, 7(4): 528–535, DOI 10.1007/s12274-014-0419-x
- Green hydrogen: A cage structured material transforms into a performant catalystClathrates are characterised by a complex cage structure that provides space for guest ions too. Now, for the first time, a team has investigated the suitability of clathrates as catalysts for electrolytic hydrogen production with impressive results: the clathrate sample was even more efficient and robust than currently used nickel-based catalysts. They also found a reason for this enhanced performance. Measurements at BESSY II showed that the clathrates undergo structural changes during the catalytic reaction: the three-dimensional cage structure decays into ultra-thin nanosheets that allow maximum contact with active catalytic centres. The study has been published in the journal ‘Angewandte Chemie’.
- Solar cells on moon glass for a future base on the moonFuture settlements on the moon will need energy, which could be supplied by photovoltaics. However, launching material into space is expensive – transporting one kilogram to the moon costs one million euros. But there are also resources on the moon that can be used. A research team led by Dr. Felix Lang of the University of Potsdam and Dr. Stefan Linke of the Technical University of Berlin have now produced the required glass from ‘moon dust’ (regolith) and coated it with perovskite. This could save up to 99 percent of the weight needed to produce PV modules on the moon. The team tested the radiation tolerance of the solar cells at the proton accelerator of the HZB.
- Accelerator Physics: First electron beam in SEALabThe SEALab team at HZB has achieved a world first by generating an electron beam from a multi-alkali (Na-K-Sb) photocathode and accelerating it to relativistic energies in a superconducting radiofrequency accelerator (SRF photoinjector). This is a real breakthrough and opens up new options for accelerator physics.